Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral Palsy

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Welcome to our comprehensive guide on Cerebral Palsy (CP). Cerebral Palsy is a neurological condition that affects movement, muscle control, and coordination. It is caused by damage to the developing brain, often occurring before, during, or shortly after birth. This condition can manifest in various ways, leading to challenges in motor skills, speech and communication, and daily activities. While there is no cure for CP, early diagnosis, intervention, and appropriate support can greatly improve the quality of life for individuals with this condition. In this guide, we will delve into the causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and available support for individuals with Cerebral Palsy. We aim to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of CP, empowering you with the knowledge to navigate this condition and make informed decisions for yourself or your loved ones.

Cerebral Palsy – Causes and Risk Factors

Cerebral Palsy is a complex condition that can have various causes and risk factors. While the exact cause of CP is often unknown, several factors have been identified as potential contributors. Understanding these causes and risk factors is essential in comprehending the development of cerebral palsy.

Prenatal Factors:

Congenital Malformations: Certain structural abnormalities or malformations in the brain can lead to Cerebral Palsy.
Genetic Factors: In some cases, genetic mutations or inherited conditions can increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy.
Infections: Infections during pregnancy, such as rubella, toxoplasmosis, or cytomegalovirus (CMV), can affect the developing brain and lead to Cerebral Palsy.
Maternal Health Issues: Maternal health conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, or thyroid disorders may increase the risk of Cerebral Palsy.
Premature Birth: Babies born prematurely are at higher risk of developing Cerebral Palsy due to their immature organs and potential complications.

Perinatal Factors:

Birth Complications: Difficulties during labour and delivery, such as a prolonged or complicated delivery, umbilical cord problems, or a lack of oxygen supply to the baby’s brain, can contribute to Cerebral Palsy.
Multiple Births: Twins or multiple pregnancies have a higher risk of Cerebral Palsy compared to single births.
Low Birth Weight: Babies with a low birth weight have an increased likelihood of developing Cerebral Palsy.

Postnatal Factors:

Infections: Severe infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, occurring after birth can result in brain damage and subsequent Cerebral Palsy.
Traumatic Brain Injury: Head injuries or accidents that cause brain trauma in infancy or early childhood can lead to Cerebral Palsy.
Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as severe jaundice or untreated seizures, if left untreated or improperly managed, can contribute to Cerebral Palsy.

It’s important to note that not all individuals with Cerebral Palsy have identifiable causes or risk factors. The condition can sometimes occur without any known antecedent events. Additionally, the presence of these factors does not guarantee that a child will develop Cerebral Palsy. Each case is unique, and multiple factors may interact to contribute to the development of Cerebral Palsy.

Understanding the causes and risk factors associated with Cerebral Palsy can help healthcare professionals, parents, and caregivers provide appropriate care and support to individuals. It also emphasises the importance of prenatal care, early detection, and timely intervention to mitigate potential risk factors and minimise the impact of Cerebral Palsy on an individual’s life.

Types and Classification of Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurological disorders that affect movement, coordination, and posture. It is important to understand the various types and classifications of CP as they help in identifying the specific characteristics and functional limitations of individuals with this condition.

Spastic Cerebral Palsy:

Spastic Cerebral Palsy is the most common type, accounting for approximately 70-80% of all CP cases.
It is characterised by increased muscle tone, leading to stiffness and difficulty with movement.
There are subtypes of spastic CP based on the body parts affected:
Spastic Diplegia: Primarily affects the lower limbs, leading to difficulty with walking and balance.
Spastic Hemiplegia: Affects one side of the body, typically causing motor impairments in the arm and leg on that side.
Spastic Quadriplegia: Involves both the upper and lower limbs, as well as the trunk and facial muscles. This is the most severe form of spastic CP.

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy:

Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy is characterised by abnormal, involuntary movements and muscle tone fluctuations.

Individuals with this type of CP may experience slow, writhing movements (athetosis), rapid and jerky movements (chorea), or both.

Difficulty with fine motor skills, speech, and coordination are common features of dyskinetic CP.

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy:

Ataxic Cerebral Palsy is the least common type, accounting for approximately 5-10% of all CP cases. It is characterised by problems with balance, coordination, and depth perception.

Individuals with ataxic CP may have shaky or unsteady movements, making tasks that require precise control challenging.

Mixed Cerebral Palsy:

Mixed Cerebral Palsy refers to a combination of two or more types of CP, such as a combination of spastic and dyskinetic features.
The specific symptoms and severity vary depending on the types involved.

Classification Systems:

Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS): This system categorises individuals with Cerebral Palsy based on their functional abilities and limitations in gross motor skills. It helps in determining the level of assistance required for mobility and daily activities.

Manual Ability Classification System (MACS): MACS focuses on hand function and classifies individuals based on their ability to handle objects and perform manual tasks independently.

Communication Function Classification System (CFCS): CFCS assesses an individual’s communication abilities, including speech, language comprehension, and use of augmentative and alternative communication methods.

It is important to note that each individual with CP has a unique presentation and may have a combination of symptoms from different types. The type and classification of CP help healthcare professionals and therapists develop tailored treatment plans, interventions, and support services to enhance the individual’s quality of life and functional abilities.

Signs and Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy

The signs and symptoms of Cerebral Palsy can vary widely from person to person, depending on the type and severity of the condition. It is important to recognise the early signs and symptoms to ensure early intervention and appropriate management.

Delayed Milestones:

Children with CP may exhibit delays in achieving developmental milestones such as rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking.
These delays may be noticeable during the first two years of life or may become more apparent as the child grows older.

Abnormal Muscle Tone:

Some individuals with Cerebral Palsy may experience abnormal muscle tone, which can manifest as either increased muscle stiffness (hypertonia) or decreased muscle stiffness (hypotonia).

Hypertonia can result in stiff, tight muscles, making movements rigid and difficult. Hypotonia can lead to floppiness or poor muscle control, affecting coordination and balance.

Motor Impairments:

Cerebral Palsy affects motor control, resulting in difficulties with voluntary movements.

Common motor impairments include spasticity (stiff and jerky movements), athetosis (involuntary writhing movements), or ataxia (uncoordinated movements).

These motor impairments can impact fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and overall coordination.

Abnormal Posture and Balance:

Individuals with CP may have difficulties maintaining proper posture and balance.
They may exhibit unusual postures such as being excessively stiff or floppy.

Challenges with balance can affect sitting, standing, and walking, leading to frequent falls or instability.

Coordination and Motor Control Problems:

Cerebral Palsy can affect coordination, making it challenging to perform precise movements or tasks that require controlled muscle actions.

Fine motor skills such as writing, buttoning clothes, or using utensils may be affected.

Speech and Communication Difficulties:

Some individuals with Cerebral Palsy may experience difficulties with speech and communication.

Speech impairments can range from mild articulation difficulties to severe speech impairments requiring alternative communication methods.

Intellectual Disabilities:

While not always present, some individuals with Cerebral Palsy may have intellectual disabilities that can range from mild to severe. Learning difficulties and challenges with problem-solving and cognitive processing may be observed.

It is important to remember that each individual with CP will have a unique combination and severity of symptoms. Early detection, intervention, and a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, therapists, and educators can help manage the symptoms, optimise function, and improve the individual’s quality of life.

Diagnosis and Evaluation of Cerebral Palsy

The diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy (CP) involves a thorough evaluation by healthcare professionals who specialise in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders. Given the complex nature of CP, a comprehensive assessment is essential to determine the presence of motor impairments, associated symptoms, and the specific type of CP. The diagnostic process typically involves the following:

Medical History:

The healthcare professional will gather detailed information about the child’s medical history, including prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors that may contribute to the development of CP.

This may involve discussions with parents or caregivers regarding pregnancy complications, maternal infections, premature birth, birth injuries, or any other relevant factors.

Physical Examination:

A thorough physical examination will be conducted to assess motor function, muscle tone, reflexes, and overall development.

The healthcare professional will observe the child’s movements, muscle coordination, balance, and posture.

Neurological examinations, such as testing reflexes, assessing muscle strength, and evaluating sensory responses, will also be performed.

Developmental Assessment:

The child’s developmental milestones and progress will be evaluated, including motor skills, cognitive abilities, communication skills, and social-emotional development.

Standardised developmental assessment tools and questionnaires may be used to gather information about the child’s abilities and challenges.

Neuroimaging:

Neuroimaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans, may be ordered to examine the brain’s structure and detect any abnormalities or brain lesions.

These imaging tests can help identify underlying causes of CP, such as brain malformations, damage, or abnormalities in specific regions.

Additional Tests:

In some cases, additional tests may be conducted to rule out other medical conditions that may mimic CP or to identify co-existing conditions.

Genetic testing, metabolic screenings, and blood tests may be recommended to identify specific genetic or metabolic disorders that could be contributing to the symptoms.

The diagnostic process involves a multidisciplinary approach, with input from neurologists, developmental paediatricians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, and other specialists. It is important to consider the child’s overall development, medical history, and physical findings to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment and Management Approaches for Cerebral Palsy

The treatment and management of Cerebral Palsy (CP) require a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. The primary goals of treatment are to improve the child’s functional abilities, promote independence, enhance quality of life, and address associated complications. The specific interventions and therapies may vary based on the individual’s unique needs, severity of symptoms, and age. The following approaches are commonly employed in the treatment and management of CP:

Physiotherapy:

Physiotherapy plays a crucial role in CP management, focusing on improving mobility, muscle strength, flexibility, and overall motor function.

Therapists may use various techniques, exercises, stretching routines, and assistive devices to promote optimal physical development and functional abilities.

Occupational Therapy:

Occupational therapy aims to enhance a child’s ability to perform everyday activities and develop independent living skills.

Therapists focus on improving fine motor skills, self-care skills, hand-eye coordination, and sensory integration.

Speech and Language Therapy:

Speech and language therapy helps individuals with CP overcome speech and communication difficulties.

Therapists use strategies to improve speech production, language comprehension, articulation, and non-verbal communication skills.

Assistive Devices and Technology:

The use of assistive devices and technology, such as wheelchairs, walkers, orthotics, and communication aids, can significantly improve independence and mobility.

These devices are tailored to the individual’s specific needs and can enhance their ability to participate in daily activities.

Medications:

Medications may be prescribed to manage spasticity, seizures, pain, and other associated symptoms of CP.

Muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, and analgesics are examples of medications that may be used to alleviate symptoms and improve comfort.

Orthopaedic Interventions:

In cases where there are severe musculoskeletal abnormalities or contractures, orthopaedic interventions such as corrective surgeries or orthopaedic appliances may be considered to improve posture, gait, and overall mobility.

Supportive Therapies:

Additional supportive therapies such as hydrotherapy, hippotherapy (horse-assisted therapy), aquatic therapy, and recreational activities can provide physical, psychological, and social benefits.

Parent and Caregiver Education and Support:

Education and support for parents and caregivers are essential to understand the condition, learn appropriate care techniques, and access necessary resources and support networks.

The treatment and management of CP are ongoing and require regular evaluations and adjustments as the child grows and develops. The multidisciplinary team, consisting of healthcare professionals, educators, therapists, and specialists, work collaboratively to provide a holistic approach to address the individual’s needs and optimise their overall well-being. It is important to tailor the treatment plan to the specific requirements of each person with CP, taking into account their goals, abilities, and personal circumstances.

Education and Support for Individuals with Cerebral Palsy

Education and support play a vital role in empowering individuals with Cerebral Palsy (CP) to reach their full potential, lead fulfilling lives, and actively participate in society. Education encompasses various aspects, including academic, social, and emotional development, while support provides the necessary resources, services, and guidance to overcome challenges and promote inclusion. The following areas highlight the importance of education and support for individuals with CP:

Inclusive Education:

Inclusive education promotes the integration of students with CP into mainstream educational settings.

It ensures that appropriate accommodations, assistive technologies, and support services are available to meet their individual learning needs.

Inclusive education fosters social interaction, encourages peer relationships, and helps develop a sense of belonging.

Special Education:

Special education programs provide tailored instruction and support for students with CP who may benefit from a more individualised approach.
Special education teachers, therapists, and specialists work collaboratively to develop Individualised Education Programs (IEPs) that address specific learning goals and accommodate any physical, cognitive, or communication challenges.
Assistive Technologies:

Assistive technologies such as augmentative and alternative communication devices, computer aids, and adaptive equipment can facilitate learning and communication for individuals with CP.

These technologies help overcome physical limitations and provide access to educational materials, enhance participation, and promote independence.

Therapeutic Interventions:

Various therapies, including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy, are integral to the educational journey of individuals with CP.
These therapies address motor skills, functional abilities, communication, and cognitive development, supporting academic progress and overall well-being.
Individualised Support:

Individualised support plans are developed to meet the unique needs of each individual with CP.

Support services may include personal care assistance, transportation arrangements, and access to specialist professionals, such as psychologists or social workers, who can provide emotional and psychological support.

Transition Planning:

Transition planning helps individuals with CP navigate the transition from school to adulthood, preparing them for independent living, further education, or employment.

It involves setting goals, identifying support networks, and connecting individuals with community resources and services.

Advocacy and Awareness:

Advocacy efforts aim to raise awareness about CP, promote understanding, and advocate for the rights and inclusion of individuals with CP in all aspects of life.
Advocacy organisations provide information, resources, and support to individuals with CP, their families, and the wider community.

Education and support for individuals with CP should be tailored to their specific needs and aspirations. It is crucial to foster a supportive and inclusive environment that promotes equal opportunities, encourages self-advocacy, and celebrates the unique abilities and contributions of individuals with CP. By providing comprehensive education and support, we can empower individuals with CP to overcome challenges, pursue their goals, and lead meaningful and fulfilling lives.

Long-Term Prognosis and Life Expectancy for Cerebral Palsy

The long-term prognosis and life expectancy for individuals with Cerebral Palsy (CP) can vary significantly depending on the severity of the condition, associated impairments, and the availability of appropriate medical care and support. While CP is a lifelong condition, advances in medical understanding, interventions, and therapies have improved outcomes and quality of life for many individuals with CP. Here is a detailed overview of the long-term prognosis and life expectancy considerations for individuals with CP:

Function and Mobility:

The functional abilities and mobility of individuals with CP can vary widely. Some may have mild impairments and be able to walk independently, while others may require assistive devices or mobility aids.

With early intervention, therapies, and appropriate medical management, individuals with CP can make significant progress in motor skills, coordination, and independence in daily activities.

Associated Health Issues:

Individuals with CP may have associated health issues, such as musculoskeletal problems, respiratory complications, seizures, intellectual disabilities, or sensory impairments.

Timely and comprehensive medical care, including regular check-ups, monitoring, and proactive management of these associated conditions, can help minimise their impact on overall well-being.

Cognitive Development:

The impact of CP on cognitive development can vary. While some individuals with CP may have typical cognitive abilities, others may have intellectual disabilities or specific learning difficulties.

Early intervention, educational support, and individualised learning strategies can maximise cognitive development and academic progress.

Communication and Language Skills:

Communication and language skills can also be affected by CP. Some individuals may have difficulty with speech production, while others may rely on augmentative and alternative communication methods.

Speech and language therapy can help individuals develop effective communication skills and enhance their ability to express themselves.
Social and Emotional Well-being:

The social and emotional well-being of individuals with CP is crucial for their overall quality of life. Social inclusion, supportive relationships, and access to appropriate emotional support services are vital.

Encouraging participation in social activities, fostering peer relationships, and promoting self-advocacy can enhance social integration and emotional well-being.
Regarding life expectancy, it is important to note that CP itself is not a progressive or degenerative condition. In general, individuals with CP have a life expectancy similar to that of the general population. However, the presence of associated health issues or severe impairments may impact overall health and longevity.

It is essential for individuals with CP to receive ongoing medical care, therapies, and support services throughout their lives. Regular monitoring, proactive management of health issues, and adaptation of interventions as needs change can help individuals with CP lead fulfilling lives and maximise their potential.

Parenting a Child with Cerebral Palsy – Challenges and Resources

Parenting a child with Cerebral Palsy (CP) can present unique challenges, but with the right support and resources, it can also be a rewarding journey. The challenges faced by parents of children with CP can range from managing medical needs and therapies to addressing emotional and social aspects. It is essential to recognise these challenges and access available resources to provide the best possible care and support for your child. Here is an in-depth look at the challenges and resources for parenting a child with Cerebral Palsy:

Medical Care and Therapies:

Children with CP often require ongoing medical care, including regular check-ups, medication management, and specialist consultations.

Accessing appropriate therapies, such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language therapy, is crucial for optimising your child’s physical, cognitive, and communication abilities.

Working closely with healthcare professionals to develop a comprehensive care plan tailored to your child’s specific needs is vital.

Daily Living and Accessibility:

Adapting the home environment to meet your child’s mobility and accessibility needs is essential. This may involve installing ramps, grab bars, and other assistive devices to enhance their independence and safety.

Exploring adaptive equipment, such as wheelchairs, walking aids, and communication devices, can assist your child in daily activities and facilitate their participation in school and social settings.

Education and Inclusion:

Navigating the educational system and advocating for your child’s inclusive education can be challenging. It is important to work closely with teachers, school administrators, and educational specialists to ensure appropriate accommodations and support.

Accessing educational resources, such as individualised education plans (IEPs) and assistive technology, can facilitate your child’s learning and participation in the classroom.

Emotional Support and Self-Care:

Parenting a child with CP can be emotionally demanding. It is important to seek emotional support for yourself, whether through support groups, counselling services, or connecting with other parents facing similar challenges.

Prioritising self-care and managing stress is crucial for your own well-being and ability to provide the best care for your child. Taking breaks, engaging in activities you enjoy, and seeking respite care when needed can help recharge and maintain your physical and emotional health.

Support Networks and Advocacy:

Connecting with support networks, such as parent support groups and online communities, can provide a sense of belonging and invaluable insights from others who have walked a similar path.

Engaging in advocacy efforts, both on an individual and collective level, can help raise awareness about Cerebral Palsy, promote inclusion, and advocate for improved resources and services for individuals with CP.

Financial and Legal Considerations:

Managing the financial aspects of caring for a child with CP may require accessing financial support programs, and exploring funding options for therapies and assistive devices.

It is also important to be aware of legal rights and protections available to individuals with disabilities, such as disability benefits and accommodations in employment and educational settings.

Remember, you are not alone on this journey. Utilising available resources, seeking support from professionals and fellow parents, and staying informed about the latest research and advancements in CP management can empower you to navigate the challenges of parenting a child with Cerebral Palsy and provide them with a nurturing and fulfilling upbringing.

My Child Has Cerebral Palsy. Could I Make a Compensation Claim for Medical Negligence?

If your child has been diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy and you believe it was a result of medical negligence during pregnancy, childbirth, or shortly after birth, you may be entitled to make a claim for compensation. Pursuing a compensation claim can provide financial support to cover the costs of your child’s care, therapies, and other necessary expenses. Here is a comprehensive overview of the process involved in making a claim for compensation for a child born with Cerebral Palsy in the UK:

Seek Legal Advice:

It is crucial to consult with a specialist solicitor experienced in handling Cerebral Palsy cases. They can provide expert guidance and assess the merits of your case.
The solicitor will evaluate the medical records and consult with medical experts to determine whether there was medical negligence or a breach of duty of care during the pregnancy, delivery, or postnatal care.

Gathering Evidence:

Building a strong case requires gathering relevant evidence, including medical records, expert opinions, witness statements, and any other supporting documentation.

Medical experts will review the evidence to establish a causal link between the medical negligence and the development of Cerebral Palsy in your child.

Establishing Negligence:

To succeed in a compensation claim, it must be proven that the medical professionals involved in your child’s care failed to meet the expected standard of care, resulting in Cerebral Palsy.

This may include errors in prenatal care, failure to identify and manage complications during labour, delayed delivery, or inadequate postnatal care.

Assessing Damages:

An experienced solicitor will work with medical and financial experts to determine the full extent of damages and financial losses associated with Cerebral Palsy.
This may include current and future medical expenses, rehabilitation costs, home modifications, assistive devices, loss of earnings, and other related expenses.

Negotiation and Settlement:

Your solicitor will engage in negotiations with the defendant’s legal team and their insurance company to reach a fair settlement.

If an agreement cannot be reached through negotiation, your solicitor may advise pursuing a court case to seek the compensation your child deserves.

Court Proceedings:

In the event that the case goes to court, your solicitor will guide you through the legal process, representing your interests and presenting your case to the judge.
Court proceedings can be lengthy and complex, but your solicitor will strive to achieve a favourable outcome on your behalf.

Compensation and Future Care:

If successful, the compensation awarded will aim to provide financial support to cover your child’s long-term care needs, including medical treatments, therapies, educational support, and other necessary expenses.

Compensation may be structured to ensure regular payments throughout your child’s life, considering their ongoing care requirements.

It is important to remember that each case is unique, and the outcome will depend on the specific circumstances and evidence presented. Working with a knowledgeable and compassionate solicitor who specialises in Cerebral Palsy cases can significantly increase your chances of success and help secure the financial resources needed to support your child’s well-being and future.

Frequently Asked Questions about Cerebral Palsy

What is Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral Palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement, muscle tone, and coordination. It is caused by damage or abnormal development of the brain that occurs before, during, or shortly after birth.

What are the common causes of Cerebral Palsy?
The most common causes of Cerebral Palsy include oxygen deprivation during birth, infections during pregnancy, premature birth, brain bleeding, and genetic abnormalities. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

How does Cerebral Palsy affect individuals?
Cerebral Palsy can manifest in various ways, leading to difficulties with movement, muscle control, coordination, balance, and posture. It may also impact speech, vision, hearing, and cognitive function. The severity and specific symptoms can vary widely among individuals.

Can Cerebral Palsy be prevented?
In some cases, Cerebral Palsy can be prevented by addressing risk factors during pregnancy, ensuring proper prenatal care, managing infections, and minimising birth complications. However, not all cases can be prevented.

Is there a cure for Cerebral Palsy?
Currently, there is no known cure for Cerebral Palsy. However, there are various treatment options and therapies available to manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and enhance functional abilities.

What are the treatment options for Cerebral Palsy?
Treatment for Cerebral Palsy may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, medications to manage symptoms, orthopaedic interventions, assistive devices (e.g., wheelchairs, braces), and surgery to address specific issues.

Can individuals with Cerebral Palsy lead independent lives?
The level of independence varies depending on the severity of the condition and the support available. With appropriate interventions, individuals with Cerebral Palsy can achieve a good quality of life, pursue education, employment, and participate in various activities.

What support is available for individuals with Cerebral Palsy and their families?
There are numerous support services and resources available for individuals with Cerebral Palsy and their families. These may include support groups, educational programs, respite care services, financial assistance, and access to specialised healthcare professionals.

How does Cerebral Palsy affect a child’s education?
Cerebral Palsy can present challenges in a child’s educational journey, but with appropriate support and accommodations, many children with Cerebral Palsy can thrive in mainstream or specialised educational settings. Individualised Education Plans (IEPs) and assistive technology can aid in their educational progress.

Can individuals with Cerebral Palsy work?
Many individuals with Cerebral Palsy can engage in meaningful employment, depending on their abilities, skills, and support systems. Workplace accommodations and assistive technology can play a crucial role in facilitating their inclusion in the workforce.

Can parents claim financial support for a child with Cerebral Palsy?
Yes, there may be various financial support options available, including disability benefits, government assistance programs, and grants. Consulting with a social worker or benefits advisor can provide guidance on accessing the available financial support.

How can I make my home environment more accessible for a person with Cerebral Palsy?
Modifying the home environment to enhance accessibility may involve installing ramps, widening doorways, using assistive devices for mobility, and adapting living spaces to accommodate specific needs. Occupational therapists can provide recommendations for home modifications.

Support Organisations and Resources for Cerebral Palsy

There are many organisations and charities which support people with cerebral palsy in the UK. A selection include –

Capability Scotland: Tel: 0131 337 9876; Website: capability-scotland.org.uk

Bobath Centre for Children with Cerebral Palsy: Tel: 020 8444 3355; Website: bobath.org.uk

The Movement Centre: Tel: 01691 404248; Email: info@the-movement-centre.co.uk; Website: the-movement-centre.co.uk

National Institute for Conductive Education (NICE): Tel: 0121 449 1569; Email: foundation@conductive-education.org.uk; Website: conductive-education.org.uk

Scope: advice and information for disabled people and their families, support services, an online community, a free telephone helpline (0808 800 3333), and an email helpline (helpline@scope.org.uk) Website: scope.org.uk

Action Cerebral Palsy: Website: actioncp.org

Cerebral Palsy Sport: Tel: 0115 925 7027; Email: info@cpsport.org; Website: cpsport.org

Cerebral Palsy Plus: Tel: 0117 965 5028; Email: info@cerebralpalsyplus.org.uk; Website: cerebralpalsyplus.org.uk

Cerebra – The Brain Charity: Tel: 0800 328 1159; Email: enquiries@cerebra.org.uk; Website: cerebra.org.uk

Contact – For families with disabled children: Tel: 0808 808 3555; Email via website; Website contact.org.uk

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